Waqar Ahmad; Z Zahoor; Aqsa Bibi; Mehnaz Begum; Maryam Bibi
Volume 4, Issue 12 , December 2017, , Pages 1206-1218
Abstract
The role of university education, a central part of most development strategies, has become controversial because expansion of PhD’s by the Higher Education Commissions (HEC) attainment has guaranteed improved economic conditions. HEC promoted the higher education by providing different indigenous ...
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The role of university education, a central part of most development strategies, has become controversial because expansion of PhD’s by the Higher Education Commissions (HEC) attainment has guaranteed improved economic conditions. HEC promoted the higher education by providing different indigenous and international scholarships, which ultimately improved the standard of living of the students and attainment of well reputed jobs in different institutions of Pakistan, leads to alleviate the poverty relatively. This paper reviews the role of education in promoting economic well-being focusing on the role of educational quality. Much evidence from developing countries suggests that education has strong influence in reducing poverty. The main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of some of the key macroeconomic variables on Pakistan’s economic growth during 1980-2007 taking four different education levels including students enrollment at the university level as a ratio to total employed labour force. It concludes that there is strong evidence that the cognitive skills of the population-rather than mere school attainment-are powerfully related to individual earnings, to the distribution of income, and to economic growth. University education does not play a significant role in poverty alleviation. The magnitude of change needed makes it clear that closing the economic gap with industrial countries will require major structural changes in schooling institutions.
Mousa Yousefi; Ali Asghar Farajzadeh; Alireza Nasirpour
Volume 2, Issue 10 , October 2015, , Pages 1218-1229
Abstract
The current research is studying the role of ownership structure and cash holding on the accepted companies' value in Tehran Stock Exchange. The sample of the research includes 62 corporations within 2008 to 2013.The ownership structure can direct the corporate toward better performance and increasing ...
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The current research is studying the role of ownership structure and cash holding on the accepted companies' value in Tehran Stock Exchange. The sample of the research includes 62 corporations within 2008 to 2013.The ownership structure can direct the corporate toward better performance and increasing its value and has remarkable importance for increasing the company's success and society's economics. According to the results based on variance analysis, there is positive and significant relationship between ownership structure and corporate value while there are not significant relationships between other independent variables such as the size of the board of directors, power of the board of directors and cash holding with dependent variable (corporate value). Regarding the controlled variables of the research, which are financial leverage, dividend payout ratio, Q Tubin, there is a positive and significant relationship between the corporate value and financial leverage, while the other controlled variables do not have significant relationship with corporate value.
Aqsa Bibi
Volume 4, Issue 12 , December 2017, , Pages 1219-1225
Abstract
Family planning plays an important role to control population growth, and poverty reduction, human development. In all over the world population is increases day by day especially in underdeveloped countries and it creates serious problem. In Pakistan the ratio of population is also increase and if control ...
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Family planning plays an important role to control population growth, and poverty reduction, human development. In all over the world population is increases day by day especially in underdeveloped countries and it creates serious problem. In Pakistan the ratio of population is also increase and if control it well cannot be harmful for its development. So we should control birth ratio by family planning and we should support, and government arrange some workshop which creates awareness in people to do family planning.
Hamidreza Mahboobinejad
Volume 2, Issue 10 , October 2015, , Pages 1230-1243
Abstract
This paper firstly introduces the Probiotec Ltd as a case study to analyze the financial situation and performance of the company through ratio analysis. Following this, using literature, it will be then argued that Probiotec Ltd should use two systems of accounting to have its financial performance ...
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This paper firstly introduces the Probiotec Ltd as a case study to analyze the financial situation and performance of the company through ratio analysis. Following this, using literature, it will be then argued that Probiotec Ltd should use two systems of accounting to have its financial performance developed. The limitations of financial statements will be finally discussed in the last part of this paper. The main aim of this paper is to promote the liquidity position of the company and therefore enhance the company’s financial performance through applying appropriate ratios and providing some effective recommendations accordingly. This paper also aims at maximizing the usefulness of the information derived utilizing two systems of accounting. To this end, secondary data were gathered from scholarly articles, together with a financial paper of Probiotec Ltd. The results illustrate that the company does not have an appropriate liquidity position so that it is hard for the company covering the short term liabilities through the liquid assets. Moreover, it is clear that one system of accounting cannot do the job regardless of how large or small the entity is. From this paper, a conclusion can be drawn that although Probiotec Ltd has some positive ratios which indicate the acceptable performance of the company, the liquidity ratio of the company is not reliable to the shareholders. Hence, it is advisable that the company should increase its sale, along with reducing the period of credit being taken. Further to this, the company should use some methods to decline the risk of liquidity.
Saeed Yazdani Parsa; Tooraj Sadeghi
Volume 2, Issue 10 , October 2015, , Pages 1244-1260
Abstract
Word of mouth is of critical importance for marketers and many scholars believe that word of mouth is one of the most effective and efficient advertising ways. Moreover, relationship marketing causes the costs of attracting new customers through long-term relationships with current customers and in this ...
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Word of mouth is of critical importance for marketers and many scholars believe that word of mouth is one of the most effective and efficient advertising ways. Moreover, relationship marketing causes the costs of attracting new customers through long-term relationships with current customers and in this way increases firm profitability. Indeed, relationship marketing leads to customer satisfaction and loyalty through creating commitment and trust. Loyal customer also influences company’s word of mouth. Thus, this research conducted focused on studying the effect of relationship marketing on life insurance word of mouth. This is an applied research; and is a descriptive, filed study. Research statistical population was life insurance clients of Karafarin Insurance Agents in Mashhad. 384 individuals selected as research sample through simple random sampling method. Data collected through questionnaire. Questionnaire reliability measured through using Cronbach alpha. Research hypotheses also were tested by structural equation modeling (SEM). The results of analyzing research hypotheses indicated that relationship marketing directly influences life insurance word of mouth. In addition, customers’ trust also influences their satisfaction of buying life insurance. Customers’ commitment influences their satisfaction of buying life insurance; furthermore, customers’ satisfaction influences customers’ loyalty to buy life insurance. And finally, customers’ loyalty influences life insurance word of mouth.
Shanika Dilanthi
Volume 2, Issue 10 , October 2015, , Pages 1261-1277
Abstract
The Sri Lankan apparel industry serves the country’s economy in various ways. Creating employment opportunities, exporting products to the international market and earning foreign exchange are some of major contributions of the apparel industry. Literature and the annual statistical reports on ...
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The Sri Lankan apparel industry serves the country’s economy in various ways. Creating employment opportunities, exporting products to the international market and earning foreign exchange are some of major contributions of the apparel industry. Literature and the annual statistical reports on Sri Lanka’s industrial performance provide evidence for this significant contribution. Though the apparel industry could serve international markets with branded products, it has to face the competition in the world apparel markets. This competition has been created by removing tax benefits of Multi Fiber Agreement and GSP Plus, China becoming the key player in the US and EU apparel imports and increasing the imports to the world apparel market by other countries. Therefore this study describes the current profile of the Sri Lankan apparel industry and hence identifies challenges the industry faces. Reduction in the US and EU apparel imports, labour becoming expensive and scarce resources, poor product and regional diversification, high lead time and dependency on imported raw materials are identified as key challenges to the Sri Lankan apparel industry and hence, this study argues that the industry should find new ways to enter to international markets, identify suitable systematic and structured strategy to improve the industry performance, rethink its positioning in international markets with competitors, incorporate backward integration and further improve the raw material requirement base and the lead time. Also this study underscores the value of diversifying into the fashion industry, signing a new Free Trade Agreement with China, focusing on ethical manufacturing and implementing the “Green Garment Factory” concept and other productivity improvement strategies as emerging trends to successfully meet those challenges.
Fatemeh Joharianzadeh; Kamal Sakhdari; Babak Ziyae; Mohsen Azari Aghviyeh
Volume 2, Issue 10 , October 2015, , Pages 1278-1289
Abstract
Franchising is a growth strategy in which franchisors grant other parties the right to use their brand, processes and value propositions in different geographical places. Consistency in products and services across different branches is considered as a prominent feature of this business model. This; ...
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Franchising is a growth strategy in which franchisors grant other parties the right to use their brand, processes and value propositions in different geographical places. Consistency in products and services across different branches is considered as a prominent feature of this business model. This; however, may diminish the firm’s ability to adapt to local preferences. Accordingly, one of the main challenges franchisors are encountered is how to achieve a decent balance between adaptation and standardization activities. While the literature of franchising provides less insights into the way franchisors can mitigate this tension, building on the literature of organizational ambidexterity this research theorizes potential factors enabling franchisors to be the so-called ambidextrous firms. We propose that plural form, portfolio network management, diversity in target markets, and strategic orientations can enhance a franchisor's ability for adaptation-standardization duality. This opens novel paths for research aiming to enhance our understanding of the way franchisors can improve their performance.
Zeynab Hakimi; Mohammad Heidari
Volume 2, Issue 10 , October 2015, , Pages 1290-1298
Abstract
Considering significance of life insurance and as these insurance policies are regarded as a development criterion in many countries worldwide, as well as lack of knowledge about the existence, recognition, features and advantages of such insurance policies, advertising plays a critical role in ...
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Considering significance of life insurance and as these insurance policies are regarded as a development criterion in many countries worldwide, as well as lack of knowledge about the existence, recognition, features and advantages of such insurance policies, advertising plays a critical role in marketing and selling these policies. Therefore, this research studies the effect of advertising on public awareness with comprehensive life and Endowment insurance based on Dagmar model. It is an applied research in term of objective and a descriptive-survey research in term of methodology. Research statistical population consisted of 750 policyholders of life and endowment insurance in Dana insurance Company. Data collected through questionnaire. Sample size was estimated 254 individuals according to statistical Morgan’s table of sample size. Finally, 300 samples were tested for better validation of obtained data and results. Regarding disparity of insurers in different urban areas, Mashhad city insurers selected through cluster random sampling method. Data analyzed using SPSS software. In addition, advertising effect on Public awareness and familiarity with life insurance examined by Pearson correlation coefficient, Binominal test and t-test. Research results showed that advertising positively influences people knowledge and recognition of saving and life and endowment insurance. In other word, the higher the advertising is informative, the more the people are aware of such policies. More advertisements about benefits and characteristics of insurance policies leads to increased knowledge of people on such policies so that they tend to purchase more insurance policies.
Maryam Abdullahi Habib
Volume 2, Issue 10 , October 2015, , Pages 1299-1311
Abstract
The main reason for the existence of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives is to facilitate the move towards development where needed. CSR in developing countries and in particular, West African economies have been lagging behind the ‘Best in class’ practices such as those in ...
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The main reason for the existence of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives is to facilitate the move towards development where needed. CSR in developing countries and in particular, West African economies have been lagging behind the ‘Best in class’ practices such as those in the western world. In this context, this study aims to explore on CSR already in existence in this region and the updates on developments brought about as a result of the various contributions made with regards infrastructural developments there in. Sources from secondary data—internet, books and articles—were collected with varying views from expertise in the area of concern. The contents gathered will give an overview to MNCs, government bodies—local or foreign—, development agencies, and individuals and what is expected to facilitate the bridging of the huge gap between what is practiced and what is expected. The theoretical paper will also create an insight to how a double sided CSR can be embarked on which will maximise wealth, elevate organizational reputation, contribute to infrastructural developments in West Africa and anywhere else and at same time fulfilling its objectives.
Wong Mun Whye; Rashad Yazdanifard
Volume 2, Issue 10 , October 2015, , Pages 1312-1318
Abstract
This article is about how duality theory is perceived by leaders and how we should focus on its element. It is important because organization tend to underestimate the importance of dualities. This research will show that duality thinking provides us the knowledge to handle opposing values and appreciating ...
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This article is about how duality theory is perceived by leaders and how we should focus on its element. It is important because organization tend to underestimate the importance of dualities. This research will show that duality thinking provides us the knowledge to handle opposing values and appreciating the concept on utilizing it. It is a paradox that needs identifying and explaining in an attempt to understand how to mediate between two opposing poles. This article will provide a basic understanding on how paradoxes are managed and by balancing the duality tension what possible effectiveness will occur.
Filiz Kadı; Canan Peker
Volume 2, Issue 11 , November 2015, , Pages 1319-1339
Abstract
Recently, e-commerce usage has been increasing in the world thanks to the rapid development of science and technology. Also in Turkey, it began to be used by the consumers and firms due to the various advantages. The aim of this study is to analyze the factors affecting e-commerce development in Turkey. ...
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Recently, e-commerce usage has been increasing in the world thanks to the rapid development of science and technology. Also in Turkey, it began to be used by the consumers and firms due to the various advantages. The aim of this study is to analyze the factors affecting e-commerce development in Turkey. The study consists of three parts. In the first part, general information about e-commerce has been given. In the second part, literature has been reviewed. In the third part, econometric analysis has been made. Factors affecting e-commerce in Turkey have been analyzed by using vector autoregressive (VAR) model. Monthly macro data for the period between 2010 and 2014 has been used for the analyses. Empirical evidence shows that consumer price index, import and credit card usage are significant factors affecting e-commerce in Turkey.
Nupur Goel; Ashwani Mahajan
Volume 2, Issue 11 , November 2015, , Pages 1340-1348
Abstract
Indian retail sector is in the nascent stage, even though India has become an attractive place or target for foreign players due to one of the largest consumer markets in the world. At present, around 92 percent retail sector comes under the unorganized retail and 8 percent of retail belongs to the organized ...
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Indian retail sector is in the nascent stage, even though India has become an attractive place or target for foreign players due to one of the largest consumer markets in the world. At present, around 92 percent retail sector comes under the unorganized retail and 8 percent of retail belongs to the organized retail. Because of modern style of consumer’s buying behavior, organized retail has become more famous in big cities. Earlier, entry of foreign retailers was restricted in India but now Government has opened its doors wide for single brand retail and only 51 percent FDI is allowed in multi brand retail. The present paper is an attempt to analyze the perceptions of consumers about foreign direct investment (FDI) in retail through questionnaire and interpreted by SPSS software. This research study presents an overview of Indian retail segment, current policy of Foreign Direct Investment in retail and the correlation between the foreign direct investment in retail and consumer purchasing behavior. It also includes the views of consumers for the perception of buying capacity, shopping style, quality of product, brand consciousness and monopoly situation of market.
Hossein Jalilvand
Volume 2, Issue 11 , November 2015, , Pages 1349-1356
Abstract
The present study is an attempt to survey the relationship between managers’ negotiation skills and organizational health. To this end, North Khorasan Health Insurance General Organization was selected as the case study (2013-2014). Regarding the purpose, the study is an applied work and as to ...
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The present study is an attempt to survey the relationship between managers’ negotiation skills and organizational health. To this end, North Khorasan Health Insurance General Organization was selected as the case study (2013-2014). Regarding the purpose, the study is an applied work and as to methodology and nature, it is descriptive correlative work. Study population was comprised of all employees of the organization. Two standard questionnaires of negotiation skills based on Pierr’s model measures and Milez’s organizational health questionnaires were distributed among 100 members of the study population. The collected data were examined in SPSS19 using Pearson and Friedman’s Correlation based on the proposed hypotheses. The findings supported the main hypothesis of relationship between the elements of negotiation skills and organization health at confidence level of 99%. Therefore, there is a need to take the negotiation skills elements into account when it comes to organizational health.
Hossein Jalilvand; Masumeh Karamati; Hassan Nodehi; Hassan Bagheri Nia
Volume 2, Issue 11 , November 2015, , Pages 1357-1369
Abstract
The present study is an attempt to survey the relationship between the manager’s tolerance and organizational health. The concept of tolerance, within the scope of this paper is a directional and moderate action to deal with controversial and opposite directions. The aspects of Islamic tolerance ...
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The present study is an attempt to survey the relationship between the manager’s tolerance and organizational health. The concept of tolerance, within the scope of this paper is a directional and moderate action to deal with controversial and opposite directions. The aspects of Islamic tolerance include ontological, anthropological, epistemological, and axiological foundations. The elements of organizational health are institutional unity, initiating structure, consideration, and resource support, moral and academic emphasis. Study population was comprised of 45 employees of Esfarayen University of Technology and Engineering. Research tools were a standard questionnaire of organizational and researcher-designed management’s tolerance questionnaire. Data analyses were carried out using correlation and simple regression tests. The study results indicated a significant relationship between organizational health and Islamic tolerance. It was concluded, thereby, that observation of principles of tolerance in the organization boosts organizational health. In addition, maximum mean point was obtained among descriptive indices of organizational health by consideration and initiating structure and by anthropology among elements of tolerance
Mohammadreza Mohammadvand Nahidi; Arash Ketabforoush Badri
Volume 2, Issue 11 , November 2015, , Pages 1370-1378
Abstract
One of the key issues in economics is the appropriate mobilization of skills and talents of human resources in a society. Employment plays a crucial role in the dynamism of a person’s life, and it can be viewed as the focal point of human and social relations. Policy makers and economic analysts ...
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One of the key issues in economics is the appropriate mobilization of skills and talents of human resources in a society. Employment plays a crucial role in the dynamism of a person’s life, and it can be viewed as the focal point of human and social relations. Policy makers and economic analysts in financial are trying to find solutions for increasing and improving employment. In this regard, the aim of this study is to investigate the role of openness and taxes on employment performance in Iran and selected developing countries. Hence, the model is evaluated using panel data for selected developing countries over the period 2005-2012. The results show that the tax has a significant negative effect on employment, so that a 1% increase in the amount of employment is reduced by 0.04 percent. Also openness and manufacturing value added have positive impact and exchange rates has a negative impact on employment.
Habibollah Salarzehi; Maryam Rashki; Minoo Heydari
Volume 2, Issue 11 , November 2015, , Pages 1379-1392
Abstract
The significant role of small and medium enterprises in the economy of developing countries has led researchers to search for ways to create efficiency and advantages for the firms in the process of economic and industrial development. Thus, new product development has always been important for managers ...
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The significant role of small and medium enterprises in the economy of developing countries has led researchers to search for ways to create efficiency and advantages for the firms in the process of economic and industrial development. Thus, new product development has always been important for managers and business owners. Given the limited funding for research and development in small and medium businesses, maintaining a competitive advantage and new product development of the network has been offered as solutions. Therefore, in this paper, it is tried to explain cooperation networks and their advantages in new product development of small and medium firms with a descriptive method and study the research carried out.
Patrick Omagbon
Volume 2, Issue 11 , November 2015, , Pages 1393-1402
Abstract
This paper attempts to analyze the conceptual development of accounting vis-à-vis the evolution of cost accounting and management accounting from the general accounting system. It also looked into the evolution and promotion of international accounting bodies. The investigation so far revealed ...
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This paper attempts to analyze the conceptual development of accounting vis-à-vis the evolution of cost accounting and management accounting from the general accounting system. It also looked into the evolution and promotion of international accounting bodies. The investigation so far revealed that the historical evolution of modern day accounting, from all evidence date to 1211 A.D. when Italian bank was said to have kept a complete double-entry books of accounts. In the light of this therefore, we concluded that the invention of double-entry bookkeeping cannot be ascribed to any individual.
Ezzatollah Asgharizadeh; Hossein Safari; Mehdi Ajalli
Volume 2, Issue 12 , December 2015, , Pages 1403-1419
Abstract
Total Productive Maintenance or TPM is a philosophy to enhance an organization’s productivity and produce high quality goods by minimizing waste thereby reducing costs. TPM is designed to maximize equipment efficiency by determining an extensive productive maintenance system covering the whole ...
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Total Productive Maintenance or TPM is a philosophy to enhance an organization’s productivity and produce high quality goods by minimizing waste thereby reducing costs. TPM is designed to maximize equipment efficiency by determining an extensive productive maintenance system covering the whole life of the equipment, extending across all equipment-related fields and with participation of all employees from the top management to the shop-floor workers, to advance productive maintenance through voluntary small group activities (Tsuchiya 1992). Most of the automotive manufacturing industries are focusing on strict quality standards in their production process and implementing a quality program called Total Productive Maintenance. With the fast development of the maintenance, it becomes critical to set up a TPM Evaluation criteria system. Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process is a new multi-criteria evaluation method evolved from Saaty's AHP. So, this paper aimed to find out and rank the key factors and obstacles that affect success in TPM in Gas industry using fuzzy AHP approach, and give an evaluation method for TPM in order to help researches and managers to determine the drawbacks and opportunities.
Mansour Zarranejhad; Abdolkarim Hosseinpoor; Ebrahim Anvari
Volume 2, Issue 12 , December 2015, , Pages 1420-1434
Abstract
Different theories have different predictions about the relationship between financial development and income inequality that leads to two broad categories of thought with two conflicting theoretical hypotheses. This study examines the effect of financial development on income inequality in the Iran’s ...
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Different theories have different predictions about the relationship between financial development and income inequality that leads to two broad categories of thought with two conflicting theoretical hypotheses. This study examines the effect of financial development on income inequality in the Iran’s economy by using a Threshold Error Correction Model (TVECM) form 1971 to 2013. The results of TVAR.LR test show that the model has only one threshold. The results of the TVECM.Seo and TVECM.HS tests represent a threshold cointegration between the variables. Also, the results of Threshold Error Correction equation indicate that before reaching the threshold value, an increase in financial development causes increases in the Gini coefficient. But after reaching the threshold value, financial development reduces income inequality (decreases Gini coefficient) in the Iran’s economy.
Ismail Erkan
Volume 2, Issue 12 , December 2015, , Pages 1435-1444
Abstract
Marketers desire to reach more customers through means of social media, and thus create official accounts on these websites. Instagram, which has become a popular social media website in recent years, allows users to post pictures or short videos through appealing filters; this feature provides opportunity ...
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Marketers desire to reach more customers through means of social media, and thus create official accounts on these websites. Instagram, which has become a popular social media website in recent years, allows users to post pictures or short videos through appealing filters; this feature provides opportunity for marketers to promote themselves by creating content. However, not all content generated by marketers achieve a similar response from users: whilst some content achieves a high response from customers and widely spreads through electronic word of mouth (eWOM), others do not. There may be many factors affecting customers’ engagements; however, in this study, we focus on sectoral differences. The question is posed: Are sectoral differences one of the reasons behind the different customer engagement ratios of brand posts on Instagram? In order to answer this question, a comparison was conducted across 100 Instagram posts, posted by brands from 8 different sectors. The results show significant differences between sectors; customers’ engagement with brands in the beverages sector through liking is almost 2.5 times higher than brands in the apparel-luxury sector. Moreover, customers’ engagement with brands in the electronics sector through commenting is almost 8 times higher than brands in the apparel sector.
Seyyed Mohsen Khalifeh Soltani; Elham Nagheli
Volume 2, Issue 12 , December 2015, , Pages 1445-1455
Abstract
Global, financial and regional integrations for developing countries that are not prepared to enter free trade can be the most effective way for gradual opening of national economies in such countries and merging of them in the global economy. On the other hand, the construction and housing sector needs ...
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Global, financial and regional integrations for developing countries that are not prepared to enter free trade can be the most effective way for gradual opening of national economies in such countries and merging of them in the global economy. On the other hand, the construction and housing sector needs macroeconomic capitals for up-to-dating, investment and increased employment in this sector that can attract other countries' capitals given the integration among countries and reduction of technology transfer barriers in the region which is finally led to increased production. Four dependent variables and four models are employed in the present study. Economic fluctuations are adopted from different indices of the economic sector. In the last step, the results are compared with each other indicating the innovative aspect of this study. The effect of financial integration and housing price on economic fluctuations is explored in the current study via GMM method during the time period 2000-2013. Given the obtained results, housing price causes to stimulate production and increase economic fluctuations. Similarly, integration has a positive effect on increased economic activities.
Alireza Momeni; Abdolreza Mohseni; Gholamreza Pirineh
Volume 2, Issue 12 , December 2015, , Pages 1456-1471
Abstract
In this study, the impact of social transparency on the firm value of companies listed in Tehran stock exchange (TSE), based on data from 101 companies in year of 2015 is examined. To do this, one main hypothesis was specified. The statistical method used in testing hypotheses is panel data regression. ...
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In this study, the impact of social transparency on the firm value of companies listed in Tehran stock exchange (TSE), based on data from 101 companies in year of 2015 is examined. To do this, one main hypothesis was specified. The statistical method used in testing hypotheses is panel data regression. Findings show that social transparency is positively associated with firm Value. Overall, the results suggest that social transparency plays an important role in firm value. This paper will help the management to develop effective social responsibility policies required to achieve better financial performance in long-term and provide awareness for firms in the field of role of social responsibility of firms to achieve future benefits.
Agnes Quartina Pudjiastuti
Volume 2, Issue 12 , December 2015, , Pages 1472-1483
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the role of women in management functions of small businesses such as planning, organization, motivation, staffing and supervision. The study was conducted in Malang Municipality using a survey method, to women who managed small enterprises that get funding urban poverty alleviation ...
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This study aimed to analyze the role of women in management functions of small businesses such as planning, organization, motivation, staffing and supervision. The study was conducted in Malang Municipality using a survey method, to women who managed small enterprises that get funding urban poverty alleviation program (P2KP = Program Pengentasan Kemiskinan Perkotaan). Data collected from respondents randomly selected through interviews using a questionnaire and in-depth interview and then analyzed descriptively and gender analysis. The results showed that women managers of small enterprises have a relatively large role in the planning, organization, motivation, staffing and supervision in their businesses. The role of women in management functions is more dominant than her husband, either alone or together. Empirical evidence on the important role of women in small businesses will be a consideration for policy makers.
Tahmineh Rahmani; Nader Mirzadeh Koohshahi
Volume 2, Issue 12 , December 2015, , Pages 1484-1496
Abstract
In this article, we contextualize and discuss the issue of corruption and identified kinds of procurement corruption in Iran Economic. In this context, there is an evident relation between procurement market failures and corruption.We argue that corruption is one of the causes of the persistence of procurement ...
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In this article, we contextualize and discuss the issue of corruption and identified kinds of procurement corruption in Iran Economic. In this context, there is an evident relation between procurement market failures and corruption.We argue that corruption is one of the causes of the persistence of procurement market failures. Corruption is an emotionally charged concept that inspires in most people immediate condemnation. These reactions can be channeled into supporting anti-corruption strategies to deal with the problem, such as reform administrative law or promotion of essentials rule of law and good governing, but the specific strategies will depend on the definition and conceptualization of the phenomenon at hand. The new law of holding tenders in Iran approved in 2005 to prevent the emergence of procurement occupation different types, predicted some mechanisms, but due to faulty implementation of mentioned law or defect in implementing the law, after passing several years from the approval of holding the tenders, still different types of procurement corruptions in the process of Iran tenders have considerable growth. In present research after offering the concept of procurement corruption, lawful analysis of issue was focused.
Teoh Kae Nging; Rashad Yazdanifard
Volume 2, Issue 12 , December 2015, , Pages 1497-1507
Abstract
One of the self-evaluating motives is that of self enhancement and it is a focus on making oneself happy and to maintain personal self-esteem. Leaders with a self enhancement bias are linked to low interpersonal relationships and low performance. People do not like to work with self-enhancers because ...
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One of the self-evaluating motives is that of self enhancement and it is a focus on making oneself happy and to maintain personal self-esteem. Leaders with a self enhancement bias are linked to low interpersonal relationships and low performance. People do not like to work with self-enhancers because they come across as egotistical, hostile, insensitive and lacking empathy; this result in poor relationships which then leads to poor performance. However, the self-enhancing leader could also help to encourage the growth of an organization. This research reviews the several effects of self enhancement on leaders. In conclusion, self-enhancing leaders who focus on self enhancement could be effective leaders if applied in the right situation.
