Document Type : Original Research

Authors

School of Management, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China

Abstract

The study examined the impact of outsourcing performance on overall firm performance, and the moderating role of monitoring.Seventy-seven(77) operations or branch managers of banks in the Ashanti region were sampled for the study. A hierarchical regression model was employed after the validity and reliability of the measurement items were checked using Confirmatory factor analysis. The results indicate that outsourcing performance significantly influences overall bank performance. Monitoring had a positive effect on overall bank performance. Furthermore, monitoring was also found to moderate the effect of outsourcing performance on overall bank performance. Since outsourcing is concluded to enhance overall performance with effective monitoring, banks must therefore ensure that they don’t just engage the services of outsourcing agents to perform their non-core business activities or functions for them, without putting in place the right monitoring mechanisms. The banks must therefore ensure that they put in place the right monitoring mechanisms in place to deter workers from engaging in activities that are not related to their main task in order to benefits from the outsourcing program.The study is novel as not much has been done in the banking industry regarding the performance of outsourcing activities of banks in Ghana. Theoretically, empirical studies to test the moderating effect of monitoring on the relationship between outsourcing activities performance and overall bank performance is limited.

Keywords

Abor, J. (2005). Technological innovations and banking in Ghana: an evaluation of customers' perceptions. IFE Psychologia: An International Journal, 13(1), 170-187.
Acosta, A. S., Crespo, Á. H., & Agudo, J. C. (2018). Effect of market orientation, network capability and entrepreneurial orientation on international performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). International Business Review, 27(6), 1128-1140.
Alnaa, S. E., Adongo, J., & Juabin, M. (2016). Comparative analysis of profitability of local and foreign banks in Ghana. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 6(5), 238.
Awe, O. A., Kulangara, N., & Henderson, D. F. (2018). Outsourcing and firm performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Strategy and Management, 11(3), 371-386.
Bamfo, B. A., Dogbe, C. S. K., & Mingle, H. (2018). Abusive customer behaviour and frontline employee turnover intentions in the banking industry: The mediating role of employee satisfaction. Cogent Business & Management, 5(1), 1522753.
Bank of Ghana. (2019). Licensed Banks, Representative Offices & Their Registered Offices in Ghana Retrieved from https://www.bog.gov.gh/privatecontent/Banking_Supervision/List%20of%20Licensed%20Banks%20-%20January%202019
Barth, J. R., Lin, C., Ma, Y., Seade, J., & Song, F. M. (2013). Do bank regulation, supervision and monitoring enhance or impede bank efficiency? Journal of Banking & Finance, 37(8), 2879-2892.
Bolat, T., & Yılmaz, Ö. (2009). The relationship between outsourcing and organizational performance: is it myth or reality for the hotel sector? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(1), 7-23.
Brown, T. A. (2014). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research: Guilford Publications.
Chesbrough, H. W., & Teece, D. J. (1996). Organizing for innovation-Reply. Harvard Business Review, 74(2), 166-166.
Congress, U. (1987). Office of Technology Assessment. The Electronic Supervisor: New Technology, New Tensions. Retrieved from
Dean, A. M., & Kiu, C. (2002). Performance monitoring and quality outcomes in contracted services. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 19(4), 396-413.
Dekkers, R. (2011). Impact of strategic decision making for outsourcing on managing manufacturing. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 31(9), 935-965.
DeTienne, K. B. (1993). Big brother or friendly coach? Computer monitoring in the 21st century. The Futurist, 27(5), 33.
Domberger, S., & Hall, C. (1991). Competitive tendering and contracting: are cost reductions compatible with quality of service? Business Council Bulletin, December, 28-34.
Domberger, S., & Rimmer, S. (1994). Competitive tendering and contracting in the public sector: A survey. International journal of the economics of business, 1(3), 439-453.
Donada, C., & Nogatchewsky, G. (2009). Emotions in outsourcing. An empirical study in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28(3), 367-373.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Agency theory: An assessment and review. Academy of management review, 14(1), 57-74.
Elmuti, D. (2003). The perceived impact of outsourcing on organizational performance. American Journal of business, 18(2), 33-42.
Epure, M., & Lafuente, E. (2015). Monitoring bank performance in the presence of risk. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 44(3), 265-281.
Espino-Rodríguez, T. F., & Gil-Padilla, A. M. (2005). The relationship between leisure outsourcing and specificity: performance and management perception in hotels in the Canary Islands. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 29(3), 396-418.
Espino-Rodríguez, T. F., & Padrón-Robaina, V. (2005). A resource-based view of outsourcing and its implications for organizational performance in the hotel sector. Tourism management, 26(5), 707-721.
Fama, E. F., & Jensen, M. C. (1983). Separation of ownership and control. The journal of law and Economics, 26(2), 301-325.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
Gilley, K. M., Greer, C. R., & Rasheed, A. A. (2004). Human resource outsourcing and organizational performance in manufacturing firms. Journal of business research, 57(3), 232-240.
Gilley, K. M., & Rasheed, A. (2000). Making more by doing less: an analysis of outsourcing and its effects on firm performance. Journal of management, 26(4), 763-790.
Hamzah, N., Aman, A., Maelah, R., Auzair, S. M., & Amiruddin, R. (2010). Outsourcing decision processes: A case study of a Malaysian firm. African Journal of Business Management, 4(15), 3307-3314.
Hiamey, S. E. (2012). Challenges of hotel outsourcing in Ghana: A transaction cost perspective. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 2(2), 1-10.
Hiamey, S. E., & Amenumey, E. K. (2013). Exploring service outsourcing in 3–5 Star hotels in the Accra Metropolis of Ghana. Tourism Management Perspectives, 8, 9-17.
Hsiao, H.-I., Kemp, R., Van der Vorst, J., & Omta, S. O. (2010). A classification of logistic outsourcing levels and their impact on service performance: Evidence from the food processing industry. International Journal of Production Economics, 124(1), 75-86.
Jiang, B., Frazier, G. V., & Prater, E. L. (2006). Outsourcing effects on firms' operational performance: An empirical study. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 26(12), 1280-1300.
Jiang, B., & Qureshi, A. (2006). Research on outsourcing results: current literature and future opportunities. Management Decision, 44(1), 44-55.
Juma’h, A. H., & Wood, D. (2000). Outsourcing implications on companies’ profitability and liquidity: a sample of UK companies. Work Study, 49(7), 265-275.
Kakouris, A. P., Polychronopoulos, G., & Binioris, S. (2006). Outsourcing decisions and the purchasing process: a systems-oriented approach. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 24(7), 708-729.
Kang, M., Wu, X., Hong, P., & Park, Y. (2012). Aligning organizational control practices with competitive outsourcing performance. Journal of business research, 65(8), 1195-1201.
Kenyon, G. N., Meixell, M. J., & Westfall, P. H. (2016). Production outsourcing and operational performance: An empirical study using secondary data. International Journal of Production Economics, 171, 336-349.
Kline, R. (2005). Methodology in the social sciences.
Kuada, J., & Hinson, E. (2015). Outsourcing in Ghana: an integrated perspective. African Journal of Business and Economic Research, 10(2_3), 47-86.
Lahiri, S., Kedia, B. L., & Mukherjee, D. (2012). The impact of management capability on the resource–performance linkage: Examining Indian outsourcing providers. Journal of World Business, 47(1), 145-155.
Leonard-Barton, D. (1995). Wellspring of knowledge. Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
Li, W., Pomegbe, W. W. K., Dogbe, C. S. K., & Novixoxo, J. D. (2019). Employees’ customer orientation and customer satisfaction in the public utility sector: The mediating role of service quality. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies.
Lilly, J. D., Gray, D. A., & Virick, M. (2005). Outsourcing the human resource function: Environmental and organizational characteristics that affect HR performance. Journal of Business Strategies, 55.
Logan, M. S. (2000). Using agency theory to design successful outsourcing relationships. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 11(2), 21-32.
Marvel, M. K., & Marvel, H. P. (2007). Outsourcing oversight: A comparison of monitoring for in‐house and contracted services. Public Administration Review, 67(3), 521-530.
Matthew, N.-G., & Laryea, A. E. (2012). A financial performance comparison of foreign vs local banks in Ghana. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(21).
McIvor, R. (2009). How the transaction cost and resource-based theories of the firm inform outsourcing evaluation. Journal of operations management, 27(1), 45-63.
McIvor, R., Humphreys, P., McKittrick, A., & Wall, T. (2009). Performance management and the outsourcing process: Lessons from a financial services organisation. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 29(10), 1025-1048.
Mensah, I. (2009). Management of tourism and hospitality services. Accra: Woeli.
Nyameboame, J., & Haddud, A. (2017). Exploring the impact of outsourcing on organizational performance. Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing, 10(3), 362-387.
Oppong, N. Y. (2014). Call centre outsourcing: Comparative assessment of Ghana’s readiness as a provider. European Journal of Business and Management, 20, 46-55.
Ostroff, C. (1992). The relationship between satisfaction, attitudes, and performance: An organizational level analysis. Journal of applied psychology, 77(6), 963.
Quartey, S. H. (2013). Implications of HR outsourcing for HR practitioners work behaviors: Evidence from the mobile telecommunication industry in Ghana. International Business Research, 6(11), 178.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students (5th ed.). London: Prentice Hall.
Sharpe, M. (1997). Outsourcing, organizational competitiveness, and work. Journal of labor Research, 18(4), 535-549.
Sonnentag, S., & Frese, M. (2002). Performance concepts and performance theory. Psychological management of individual performance, 23(1), 3-25.
Stanton, J. M. (2000). Reactions to employee performance monitoring: Framework, review, and research directions. Human Performance, 13(1), 85-113.
Tenkorang, A. G. (2016). The effect of outsourcing on the operational performance of telecom firms in Ghana: a case study of Millicom Ghana Limited.  
Walker, R. M., Damanpour, F., & Devece, C. A. (2010). Management innovation and organizational performance: The mediating effect of performance management. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 21(2), 367-386.
Whitaker, J., Mithas, S., & Krishnan, M. S. (2010). Organizational learning and capabilities for onshore and offshore business process outsourcing. Journal of Management Information Systems, 27(3), 11-42.
Williamson, O. E. (1975). Markets and hierarchies. New York, 2630.