Document Type : Original Research

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Economics Department, Fatih University, Istanbul, Turkey

2 Researcher, Economics Department, Fatih University, Istanbul, Turkey

Abstract

Recently, e-commerce usage has been increasing in the world thanks to the rapid development of science and technology. Also in Turkey, it began to be used by the consumers and firms due to the various advantages. The aim of this study is to analyze the factors affecting e-commerce development in Turkey. The study consists of three parts. In the first part, general information about e-commerce has been given. In the second part, literature has been reviewed. In the third part, econometric analysis has been made. Factors affecting e-commerce in Turkey have been analyzed by using vector autoregressive (VAR) model. Monthly macro data for the period between 2010 and 2014 has been used for the analyses. Empirical evidence shows that consumer price index, import and credit card usage are significant factors affecting e-commerce in Turkey.

Keywords

Adewale, G., Ayo-Oyebiyi, G. T., & Adebayo, S. A. An Empirical study of factors that influence the adoption of e-commerce in Nigerian business organizations. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 2(9), 28-33.
Afra S. (2014). Dijital pazarın odak noktası e-ticaret. İstanbul: TUSIAD
Aghaunor, L., & Fotoh, X. (2006). Factors affecting ecommerce adoption in Nigerian banks.
Armagan, E. A., & Turan, A. H. (2014). İnternet üzerinden alışveriş: Demografik faktörlerin, bireysel ihtiyaçların etkisi üzerine ampirik bir değerlendirme. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 28(3), 1-22.
Asteriou, D., & Hall, S. G. (2007). Applied Econometrics: a modern approach using eviews and microfit. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Baydar, V. (2010). E-ticaret kavramı ve e-ticareti etkileyen faktörlerin panel very analizi (Master thesis). Retrieved from Coincil of Higher Education Thesis Center. (Thesis no: 263899)
BKM, Card Monitor, 2014, retrieved May 13, 2015 from http://www.bkm.com.tr/yayinlar.bkm
Cak, M. (2002). Dünyada ve Türkiye'de elektronik ticaret ve vergilendirilmesi. İstanbul: ITO Yayınları.
Canpolat, O. (2001). E-ticaret ve Türkiye'deki gelişmeler. Ankara: Sanayi ve Ticaret Bakanlığı.
Chiliya, N., Chikandiwa, C. K., & Afolabi, B. (2011). Factors affecting small micro medium enterprises’(SMMEs) adoption of e-commerce in the eastern cape province of South Africa. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(10), 28-36.
Coşgun, V. (2010). Critical success factors affecting e-commerce activities of small and medium enterprises in Turkey (Master thesis). Retrieved from Coincil of Higher Education Thesis Center. (Thesis no: 271082)
Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American statistical association, 74(366a), 427-431.
Duman, K. (2004). Yeni Ekonominin Makro Ekonomi Üzerindeki Etkileri.
Ekstranet. (2014). In wikipedia. Retrieved may 16, 2015 from http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstranet.
Electronic Commerce. (n.d). Retrieved May 18, 2015 from https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/bey4_e.htm
Electronic payment systems. (n.d). Retrieved November 27, 2014, from http://www.scribd.com/doc/240921529/Unit5-Ecom
Ene, S. (2002). Elektronik ticarette tüketicinin korunması ve bir uygulama. İstanbul: Pusula Yayıncılık ve İletişim.
Eris, O. U. (2008). E-ticaret performansına etki eden faktörlerin analizi (Master thesis). Retrieved from Coincil of Higher Education Thesis Center. (Thesis no: 223975)
Geweke, J., Meese, R., & Dent, W. (1983). Comparing alternative tests of causality in temporal systems: Analytic results and experimental evidence. Journal of Econometrics, 21(2), 161-194.
Gibbs, J., Kraemer, K. L., & Dedrick, J. (2003). Environment and policy factors shaping global e-commerce diffusion: A cross-country comparison. The information society, 19(1), 5-18.
Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 37(3), 424-438.
Granger, C. W. (1988). Some recent development in a concept of causality. Journal of econometrics, 39(1), 199-211.
Gujarati, D. N. (2005). Temel ekonometri (Ü. Şenesen & G. G. Şenesen Trans.) İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık.
Intranet nedir? (n.d). Retrieved May 16, 2015, from http://intranet.nedir.com/
Jobodwana, Z. N. (2009). E-Commerce and mobile commerce in South Africa: Regulatory challenges. Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology, 4(4), 287-298.
Kesmez N., Cagiltay N., & Mutlu Z. (2004), E-Örgütlenme , E-Toplum Çalışma Grubu Taslak Raporu, Retrieved May 13, 2015, from http://www.bilisimsurasi.org.tr/e-turkiye/docs/e-örgütlenme.
Kircova, I. & Ozturk P. (2000). İnternette ticaret ve hukuksal sorunlar. İstanbul:  ITO Yayınları.
Kommerskollegium, Survey of e-commerce barriers within the EU, 2011, Retrieved May 13, 2015 from http://www.kommers.se/In-English/Publications/2011/Survey-of-e-commerce-barriers-within-the-EU/
Korkmaz, N. (2002). Sorularla e-ticaret, e-iş. İstanbul: İTO Yayınları.
Kucukyilmazlar, A. (2006). Elektronik ticaret rehberi. İstanbul: İTO Yayınları.
Laudon, K. C. & Traver, C. G. (2011). E-commerce. England: Pearson /Addison Wesley.
Lebe, F., & Bayat, T. (2011). Taylor kuralı: Türkiye için bir vektör otoregresif model analizi. Ege Akademik Bakış, 11, 95-112.
MacKinnon, J. G. (2010). Critical values for cointegration tests (Working Paper No. 1227). Queen's Economics Department. Retrieved May 14, 2015, from http://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/67744.
Marc, B., Low, P., Mattoo, A., Schuknecht, L., & Wehrens, H. W. M. (1998). Electronic commerce and the role of the WTO. Switzerland: WTO Publications.
Mirescu, V. S. (2010). The premises and the evolution of electronic commerce. Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology,1(1), 45-56.
Molla, A., & Licker, P. S. (2005). eCommerce adoption in developing countries: a model and instrument. Information & management, 42(6), 877-899.
Niranjanamurthy, M., & Kavyashree, N. (2013). Analysis of e-commerce and m-commerce: advantages, limitations and security issues. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 2(6), 2360-2370.
OECD (1997), Measuring electronic commerce, OECD Publishing, Retrieved May 15, 2015, from http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments /publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=OCDE/GD(97)185&docLanguage=En.
OECD (1998), Gateways to the Global Market, consumers and electronic commerce, OECD Proceedings.
OECD (2011), OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2011, OECD Publishing. Retrieved May 15, 2015, from http://dx.doi.org /10.1787/sti_scoreboard-2011-en
Ozgen, F. B., & Guloglu, B. (2004). Türkiye’de iç borçların iktisadi etkilerinin VAR tekniğiyle analizi. ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 31(1), 1-27.
Ozturk, M., Aras, O. N., & Kadı, O. S. (2012). AB borç krizi ve bunun Türk dış ticaretine olan etkileri (EU debt crisis and its effects on Turkish foreign trade). Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 77-89.
Rachna & Singh, P. (2013). Issues and challenges of electronic payment systems.  International Journal for Research in Management and Pharmacy, 2(9), 25-30.
Rodríguez-Ardura, I., Meseguer-Artola, A., & Vilaseca-Requena, J. (2008). Factors influencing the evolution of electronic commerce: An empirical analysis in a developed market economy. Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research, 3(2), 18-29.
Sayili, M., & Buyukkoroglu, A. M. (2013). Analysis of factors affecting the attitudes of consumers on food purchasing through e-commerce. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 18(3), 246-255.
Schneider, P. G. (2007). Electronic commerce. Canada: Thomson Course Technology.
Seddighi, H., Lawler, K. A., & Katos, A. V. (2000). Econometrics: a practical approach. London: Routledge.
Sezgin A.G. (2013). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de E-ticaret Sektörü. Türkiye İş Bankası İktisadi Araştırmalar Bölümü
Sims, C. A. (1972). Money, income, and causality. The American economic review, 62(4), 540-552.
Sims, C. A. (1980). Macroeconomics and reality. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 48(1), 1-48.
Singh, C., & Frolick, M. N. (2000). Ibuttons: Building the infrastructure for more secure e-commerce. Information systems security, 8(4), 1-8.
Toyin, O., & Damilola, O. T. (2012). Abandonment factors affecting e-commerce transactions in Nigeria. International Journal of Computer Applications, 46(23), 41-47.
TUBISAD (2014). Türkiye’de E-Ticaret,  Pazar Tanımlama ve 2013 Pazar Büyüklüğü Ölçümleme Çalışması. İstanbul: TUBISAD.
TUENA (1998). Elektronik ticaret uygulamaları araştırma raporu. Ankara: Türkiye Ulusal Enformasyon Altyapısı Proje Ofisi.
Turen, U., Gokmen, Y., & Tokmak, İ. (2011). Türkiye’de e-ticaret işlem hacmini etkileyen faktörler üzerine bir araştırma: Bir model önerisi. Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1), 49-71.
UNCTAD (2004). E-commerce and development report. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
Weixin, Y. (2006). Factors affecting e-commerce diffusion in China in the 21st century. International journal of electronic business, 4(2), 162-176.
WITSA, International survey of e-commerce, 2000, retrieved May 13, 2015 from http://www.witsa.org/papers/EComSurv.pdf
Wong, P. K. (2003). Global and national factors affecting e-commerce diffusion in Singapore. The Information Society, 19(1), 19-32.
Yesil, A. (2010). E-ticaret, internet ortamında ticaret. İstanbul: Kum Saati Yayınları.
Zaied, A. N. H. (2012). Barriers to e-commerce adoption in Egyptian SMEs. International Journal of Information Engineering and Electronic Business, 3, 9-18.