Document Type : Original Research

Authors

1 Management Sciences, SZABIST, Islamabad Campus, Pakistan

2 Management Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

Abstract

This research has examined moderating role of workplace spirituality with five traits of personality and counterproductive work behaviors. Researchers have growing trend to enhance understanding of workplace spirituality. Corporate environment has also realized significance of workplace spirituality. Self-structured questionnaire have been employed to collect data from employees of private commercial banks, operating in jurisdiction of Distt. Attock, Pakistan. Response rate in this study is 82%.Data was analyzed on the basis of moderating concept of Baron and Kenny (1986) in statistical software for social sciences. This study concludes that workplace spirituality has significant moderating impact over the association of openness, conscientiousness and agreeableness with counterproductive work behaviors.it has been also revealed that there is no relationship between extroversion and counterproductive work behaviors. Workplace spirituality has no moderating impact over association of neuroticism and extroversion with counterproductive work behaviors of employees. This study develops ways for management and practitioners to alleviate the effects of personality traits on counterproductive work behaviors and reduce the occurrences of counterproductive work behaviors. Ultimately it will improve organizational performance.

Keywords

Ashar, H., & Lane-Maher, M. (2004). Success and spirituality in the new business paradigm. Journal of management inquiry, 13(3), 249-260.
Ashmos, D. P., & Duchon, D. (2000). Spirituality at work: A conceptualization and measure. Journal of management inquiry, 9(2), 134.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173.
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The big five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta‐analysis. Personnel psychology, 44(1), 1-26.
Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Judge, T. A. (2001). Personality and performance at the beginning of the new millennium: What do we know and where do we go next? International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9(1‐2), 9-30.
Barrick, M. R., Stewart, G. L., Neubert, M. J., & Mount, M. K. (1998). Relating member ability and personality to work-team processes and team effectiveness. Journal of Applied psychology, 83(3), 377.
Berry, C. M., Ones, D. S., & Sackett, P. R. (2007). Interpersonal deviance, organizational deviance, and their common correlates: a review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied psychology, 92(2), 410.
Bruursema, K. (2007). How individual values and trait boredom interface with job characteristics and job boredom in their effects on counterproductive work behavior.
Buss, A. H. (1962). The psychology of aggression. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 135(2), 180-181.
Case, J. (2000). Employee theft: The profit killer: John Case & Associates.
Cash, K. C., & Gray, G. R. (2000). A framework for accommodating religion and spirituality in the workplace. The Academy of Management Executive, 14(3), 124-133.
Cullen, M. J., & Sackett, P. R. (2003). Personality and counterproductive workplace behavior. Personality and work: Reconsidering the role of personality in organizations, 14(2), 150-182.
Dalal, R. S. (2005). A meta-analysis of the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior. Journal of Applied psychology, 90(6), 1241.
Douglas, S. C., & Martinko, M. J. (2001). Exploring the role of individual differences in the prediction of workplace aggression. Journal of Applied psychology, 86(4), 547.
Duffy, M. K., Ganster, D. C., & Pagon, M. (2002). Social undermining in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 45(2), 331-351.
Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Miles, D. (2001). Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in response to job stressors and organizational justice: Some mediator and moderator tests for autonomy and emotions. Journal of vocational behavior, 59(3), 291-309.
Furnham, A., & Fudge, C. (2008). The five factor model of personality and sales performance. Journal of Individual Differences, 29(1), 11-16.
Garcia‐Zamor, J. C. (2003). Workplace spirituality and organizational performance. Public administration review, 63(3), 355-363.
Giacalone, R. A., Riordan, C. A., & Rosenfeld, P. (1997). Employee sabotage. Antisocial behavior in organizations, 109-129.
Hogan, R. (1996). Personality assessment.
Hollinger, R. C., & Clark, J. P. (1982). Formal and informal social controls of employee deviance. The Sociological Quarterly, 23(3), 333-343.
Hough, L. M. (1992). The'Big Five'personality variables--construct confusion: Description versus prediction. Human Performance, 5(1-2), 139-155.
Hurtz, G. M., & Donovan, J. J. (2000). Personality and job performance: the Big Five revisited. Journal of Applied psychology, 85(6), 869.
Ilies, R., Hauserman, N., Schwochau, S., & Stibal, J. (2003). Reported incidence rates of work‐related sexual harassment in the United States: using meta‐analysis to explain reported rate disparities. Personnel psychology, 56(3), 607-631.
Jensen‐Campbell, L. A., & Graziano, W. G. (2001). Agreeableness as a moderator of interpersonal conflict. Journal of personality, 69(2), 323-362.
John, O., Donahue, E., & Kentle, R. (1991). The Big Five Inventory—Versions 4a and 54. Institute of Personality and Social Research. Berkeley. CA: University of California Berkeley. URL: http://www. ocf. berkeley. edu/johnlab/bfi. htm [accessed 27 March 2011].
John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 2(1999), 102-138.
Ketchen, D. J., Craighead, C. W., & Buckley, M. R. (2008). Time bandits: How they are created, why they are tolerated, and what can be done about them. Business Horizons, 51(2), 141-149.
Kim, Y., & Seidlitz, L. (2002). Spirituality moderates the effect of stress on emotional and physical adjustment. Personality and individual differences, 32(8), 1377-1390.
Klotz, A. C., & Buckley, M. R. (2010). ‘Where everybody knows your name’: Lessons from small business about preventing workplace violence. Business Horizons, 53(6), 571-579.
Lazar, A. (2016). Personality, religiousness and spirituality–interrelations and structure–in a sample of religious Jewish women. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 19(4), 307-322.
LeBlanc, M. M., & Barling, J. (2005). Understanding the many faces of workplace violence. Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets, 41-63.
Liao, H., & Chuang, A. (2004). A multilevel investigation of factors influencing employee service performance and customer outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 47(1), 41-58.
McCrae, R. R. (1999). Mainstream personality psychology and the study of religion. Journal of personality, 67(6), 1209-1218.
McCrae, R. R., & Terracciano, A. (2005). Personality profiles of cultures: aggregate personality traits. Journal of personality and social psychology, 89(3), 407.
Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A. J., & Ferguson, J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: An exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of organizational change management, 16(4), 426-447.
Mount, M., Ilies, R., & Johnson, E. (2006). Relationship of personality traits and counterproductive work behaviors: The mediating effects of job satisfaction. Personnel psychology, 59(3), 591-622.
Mount, M. K., & Barrick, M. R. (1995). The Big Five personality dimensions: Implications for research and practice in human resources management. Research in personnel and human resources management, 13(3), 153-200.
Mount, M. K., Barrick, M. R., & Stewart, G. L. (1998). Five-factor model of personality and performance in jobs involving interpersonal interactions. Human Performance, 11(2-3), 145-165.
Neal, J. A. (1997). Spirituality in management education: A guide to resources. Journal of management education, 21(1), 121-139.
Ones, D. S., Viswesvaran, C., & Schmidt, F. L. (1993). Comprehensive meta-analysis of integrity test validities: Findings and implications for personnel selection and theories of job performance. Journal of Applied psychology, 78(4), 679.
Pandey, A., & Gupta, R. K. (2008). Spirituality in Management A Review of Contemporary and Traditional Thoughts and Agenda for Research. Global Business Review, 9(1), 65-83.
Piedmont, R. L. (1999). Does spirituality represent the sixth factor of personality? Spiritual transcendence and the five‐factor model. Journal of personality, 67(6), 985-1013.
Rego, A., Cunha, M. P. E., & Oliveira, M. (2008). Eupsychia revisited: The role of spiritual leaders. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 48(2), 165-195.
Robinson, S. L., & Bennett, R. J. (1995). A typology of deviant workplace behaviors: A multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 555-572.
Sackett, P. R., Berry, C. M., Wiemann, S. A., & Laczo, R. M. (2006). Citizenship and counterproductive behavior: Clarifying relations between the two domains. Human Performance, 19(4), 441-464.
Salgado, J. F. (1997). The Five Factor Model of personality and job performance in the European Community. Journal of Applied psychology, 82(1), 30.
Salgado, J. F. (2002). The Big Five personality dimensions and counterproductive behaviors. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10(1‐2), 117-125.
Salgado, J. F. (2003). Predicting job performance using FFM and non‐FFM personality measures. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76(3), 323-346.
Saroglou, V. (2002). Religion and the five factors of personality: A meta-analytic review. Personality and individual differences, 32(1), 15-25.
Saroglou, V. (2009). Religiousness as a cultural adaptation of basic traits: A five-factor model perspective. Personality and social psychology review.
Schmidt-Wilk, J., Heaton, D. P., & Steingard, D. (2000). Higher education for higher consciousness: Maharishi University of Management as a model for spirituality in management education. Journal of management education, 24(5), 580-611.
Smithikrai, C. (2007). Personality Traits and Job Success: An investigation in a Thai sample1. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 15(1), 134-138.
Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2002). An emotion-centered model of voluntary work behavior: Some parallels between counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior. Human Resource management review, 12(2), 269-292.
Spector, P. E., Fox, S., Penney, L. M., Bruursema, K., Goh, A., & Kessler, S. (2006). The dimensionality of counterproductivity: Are all counterproductive behaviors created equal? Journal of vocational behavior, 68(3), 446-460.
Tepper, B. J., Duffy, M. K., & Shaw, J. D. (2001). Personality moderators of the relationship between abusive supervision and subordinates' resistance. Journal of Applied psychology, 86(5), 974.
Tett, R. P., & Burnett, D. D. (2003). A personality trait-based interactionist model of job performance. Journal of Applied psychology, 88(3), 500.
Tett, R. P., Jackson, D. N., & Rothstein, M. (1991). Personality measures as predictors of job performance: a meta‐analytic review. Personnel psychology, 44(4), 703-742.
Thompson, C. M. (2000). The congruent life: Following the inward path to fulfilling work and inspired leadership: Jossey-Bass San Francisco.
Thoresen, C. J., Bradley, J. C., Bliese, P. D., & Thoresen, J. D. (2004). The big five personality traits and individual job performance growth trajectories in maintenance and transitional job stages. Journal of Applied psychology, 89(5), 835.
Van der Walt, H., Meiring, D., Rothmann, S., & Barrick, M. (2002). Meta-analysis of the relationship between personality measurements and job performance in South Africa. Paper presented at the 5th Annual Industrial Psychology Conference, June, Pretoria.
Witt, L., Burke, L. A., Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (2002). The interactive effects of conscientiousness and agreeableness on job performance. Journal of Applied psychology, 87(1), 164.
Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., & Scott, A. B. (1999). The emerging meanings of religiousness and spirituality: Problems and prospects. Journal of personality, 67(6), 889-919.