ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Employment in Tourism Industry: A Case Study of Selected Countries
The purpose of the present research is to study the effect of foreign direct investment on employment in tourism. In this regard, the effect of foreign direct investment as well as gross domestic production (GDP), tax rate, and globalization index as explanatory variables are studied on tourism employment as dependent variable using panel data econometrics through statistical data of 48 selected countries including Iran within 2009-2013. The results indicate that foreign direct investment negatively influences employment in tourism among the selected countries. Regarding tourism as a user sector and since foreign direct investment is associated with technology transfer and as many labor services may not be substituted by technology, attracting foreign investment is less than other sectors. Therefore, the professions are created by foreign investment in more attracting industries. Thus, it concluded that foreign direct investment attracts tourism sector workforce and reduces employment through creating professions in other economic sectors. It can be stated that this significant effect is maintained. Moreover, the effect of GDP and tax rate is positive; whereas, the globalization index variable is negative, which is consistent with the experimental results of previous studies.
https://www.ijmae.com/article_115514_6f950d3caa7cfaec459faf7d0698540e.pdf
2016-09-01
459
472
Foreign direct investment
employment
Tourism
panel data
Saeed
Petanlar
1
Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
AUTHOR
Saeed
Rasekhi
2
Full Professor, Department of Economics, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
AUTHOR
Somayeh
Ebrahimzadeh
sebrahimzade@outlook.com
3
MA Student, Department of Economics, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Bakhtiyari, S., and Yazdani, M. (2010). Studying direct and indirect effect of tourism on employment. Economics quarterly, fifth year, No. 13.Pp. 49-60
1
Behboudi, D., and Bastan, F. (2010). The relationship between tourism and foreign direct investment in the developing countries (Causality approach in panel data). Economics quarterly, fourth year, No. 11. Pp. 1-18
2
Dunnig, J. (1997). The European International Market Programme and Inbound FDI. Journal of Common Market Studies, NO 35, P 1-30.
3
Haley, U. C. V., & Haley, G. T. (1997). When the Tourist Flew in: Strategic Implications of Foreign Direct Investment in Vietnam’s Tourism Industry. Management Decision, NO 35/8, P 595-604.
4
Hardin, A., & Holmes, L. (1997). Service Trade and Foreign Direct Investment. Staff Research Paper, Australian Government Productivity Commission, Industry Commission.
5
Jude, C., & Silaghi, M.I.P. (2015). Employment Effect of Foreign Direct Investment: New Evidence From Central and Eastren European Countries. International Economia, No 10, P14.
6
Lipsey, R. (2003). Home and Host Country Effects of FDI. NBER Working Paper, NO13, P 92-93.
7
Mahdavi, A., and Aziz mohammadlou, H. (2004). Foreign direct investment and employment in developing countries. Journal of knowledge and development, sixth year, No. 15. Pp. 69-85
8
Mencinger, J. Does Foreign Direct Investment Always Enhage Economic Growth? Kyklos, 2003, No56, P 491-508
9
Mickiewicz, T., & Radosevic, S. &Varblane, U. (2000). The Value of Diversity: Foreign Direct Investment and Employment in Central Europe During Economic Recovery, ESRC One Europe or Several? Programme, Working Paper 05/00, http://www.inti.gov.ar/cadenasdevalor/documentacion/WP5.pdf
10
Mickiewicz, T., & Bell, J. (2000). Unemployment in Transition. Restructuring and Labor Markets in Central Europe. Amsterdam, Harwood Academic Publishers, in print.
11
Mirza, H. (2008). Transportation cooperation as a representative to transfer business culture to the host country in developing privatization and economic revitalization. Cited by Iran technical and economic fund and investment organization
12
Najarzade, R., and Maleki, M. (2005). The effect of foreign direct investment on the economic growth of oil exporting countries. Journal of Iran economic studies, No. 23. Pp. 87-105
13
Nesabiyan, Sh. (2006). The role of foreign direct investment on employment in Iran. Economic Bulletin, sixth year, No 3. Pp. 97-122
14
Oh, R.S., & Khan, H. , & Koh, A.J. (2001). A Travel BalanceApproach for Examining Tourism Area Life Cycles: The Case of Singapore. Journal of Travel Research, No.39, P 426-432.
15
Peric, J., & Radic, M. (2011). Sustainable Foreign Direct Investment in Tourism. Sustainable Tourism: Socio-Cultural, Environmental and Economics Impact, NO 14 , P 263-278.
16
Qolipour soleimani, A., and Rashidi, F. (2009). Effective factors of tourists’ satisfaction in Iran. Tourism quarterly, No. 16. Pp. 50-60
17
Taylor, K., & Driffield, N. (2000). Wage Dispersion and the Role of Multinational s: Evidence from UK Panel Data, Discussion Paper in Economics, Cardiff Business school.
18
The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe(UNECE)(2016) Statistical Division. http://www. UNECE.org
19
The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)(2016) Tourism Highlights, Facts & Figures Section at www.unwto.org. WTO, http://www.world-tourism.org/facts
20
The World Bank. http://www.WorldBank.ORG
21
William, D. (1999). Foreign Manufacturing Firms in UK: Effects on Employment. Business Review, NO 99, P 393-398.
22
World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) (2016) Industry as aPartner for Sustainable Development, www.wttc.org
23
Zargham, H. (1996). Tourism and strategic model of Islamic Republic of Iran. The center of comprehensive guidance of tourism development and management, Department of tourism and pilgrimage Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance
24
Zeranezhad, M., and Anvari, E. (2005). Function of pooled data in econometrics. Economic studies (Quantitative economics), second year, No. 4. Pp. 21-52
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Service Quality about Health Sector of UK and Pakistan: A Comparative Study
The aim of this study is to determine mean comparison and identify similarities for all five dimensions of service quality between public hospitals in London city, UK and private hospitals in Attock city of Pakistan on the basis of patient’s perception. Data was collected from patients through self-administered questionnaire. SERVQUAL was measurement scale, comprises of 21 items covering all five dimensions. Independence T-Test was performed to analyze collected data using Statistical software package for social sciences. Response rate is this study is 83.33%. It is concluded that in both sectors, performance of hospitals is lowest in responsiveness dimension of service quality. There is highest level of assurance among public hospitals of United Kingdom but in Pakistani private hospitals, empathy dimension is on higher side as compared to other four dimensions. Overall service quality in public hospitals of UK is better than those in private hospitals of Pakistan.
https://www.ijmae.com/article_115515_c6ff51cb3b0b7316a9cbceee8b92374d.pdf
2016-09-01
473
485
Service Quality
HealthCare Units
developing and developed country
Patient’s perception
Qaisar
Iqbal
qaisarkh86@gmail.com
1
SZABIST, Islamabad Campus, Pakistan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Siti
Binti Hassan
2
University Sains Malaysia, Main Campus, Malaysia
AUTHOR
Abdullah, A. K. M. A., & Kassim, N. M. (2009). Measuring perceived service quality in Qatari Islamic banks. Journal for International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, 4(1-2), 90-106.
1
Ahmed, J., & Shaikh, B. T. (2008). An all time low budget for healthcare in Pakistan. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 18(6), 388.
2
Al-Tamimi, H. A. H., & Al-Amiri, A. (2003). Analysing service quality in the UAE Islamic banks. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 8(2), 119-132.
3
Andaleeb, S. S. (2001). Service quality perceptions and patient satisfaction: a study of hospitals in a developing country. Social science & medicine, 52(9), 1359-1370.
4
Appannan, S., Doraisamy, B., & Hui, T. X. (2013). CUSTOMER PERCEPTION ON SERVICE QUALITY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS: A CASE STUDY IN PENANG, MALAYSIA. Academic Research International, 4(5), 459.
5
Araja, D., & Kõlves, K. MANAGED ENTRY AGREEMENTS FOR NEW MEDICINES IN THE BALTIC COUNTRIES. TEN, 27.
6
Berry, L. L., Zeithaml, V. A., & Parasuraman, A. (1985). Quality counts in services, too. Business horizons, 28(3), 44-52.
7
Cacioppo, K. (2000). Measuring and managing customer satisfaction. Quality Digest, 20(9), 49-57.
8
Caruana, A. (2002). Service loyalty: The effects of service quality and the mediating role of customer satisfaction. European journal of marketing, 36(7/8), 811-828.
9
Davis, K., Stremikis, K., Schoen, C., & Squires, D. (2015). Mirror, Mirror on the Wall, 2014 Update: How the US Health Care System Compares Internationally, The Commonwealth Fund, June 2014.
10
Davis, K., Stremikis, K., Squires, D., & Schoen, C. (2014). Mirror, mirror on the wall: how the performance of the US healthcare system compares internationally. The Commonwealth Fund.
11
Demographic, P. (2013). Health Survey 2012–13: Islamabad. Pakistan, and Calverton, Maryland USA: National Institute of Population Studies and ICF International.
12
Donabedian, A. (1980). Basic approaches to Assessment: Structure, Process, and Outcome In: The Definition of Quality and Approaches to its Assessment: Explorations in Quality Assessment and Monitoring, Volume Health Administration Press. Ann Arbor, Michigan.
13
Golmohammadi, A., & Jahandideh, B. (2010). Prioritizing service quality dimensions: A neural network approach. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 4, 231-236.
14
Grönroos, C. (2000). Service marketing and management: a customer relationship management approach. European Business Review, 20(4), 298-314.
15
Hossain, M., & Leo, S. (2009). Customer perception on service quality in retail banking in Middle East: the case of Qatar. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 2(4), 338-350.
16
Ismail, M. B., Yusof, Z. M., & Ikhsan, S. O. S. S. (2000). DOES KNOWLEDGE SHARING HELP IMPROVES PUBLIC SECTOR SERVICE DELIVERY? A CASE STUDY OF THREE SELECTED GOVERNMENT AGENCIES.
17
Mengi, P. (2009). Customer satisfaction with service quality: An empirical study of public and private sector banks. IUP Journal of Management Research, 8(9), 7.
18
Mudie, P., & Pirrie, A. (2006). Services Marketing Management. 3. painos: Elsevier Ltd. Great Britain.
19
Mushtaq, M. U., Gull, S., Shad, M. A., & Akram, J. (2011). Socio-demographic correlates of the health-seeking behaviours in two districts of Pakistan's Punjab province. JPMA-Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 61(12), 1205.
20
Nishtar, S. (2009). Choked pipes: reforming Pakistan's mixed health system: JSTOR.
21
Oliver, D. (2016). David Oliver: The best health system. BMJ, 353, i1848.
22
Pakdil, F., & Harwood, T. N. (2005). Patient satisfaction in a preoperative assessment clinic: an analysis using SERVQUAL dimensions. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 16(1), 15-30.
23
Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1985). A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research. the Journal of Marketing, 41-50.
24
Sabih, F., Bile, K., Buehler, W., Hafeez, A., Nishtar, S., & Siddiqi, S. (2010). Implementing the district health system in the framework of primary health care in Pakistan: can the evolving reforms enhance the pace towards the Millennium Development Goals?
25
Shaikh, B., Mobeen, N., Azam, S., & Rabbani, F. (2008). Using SERVQUAL for assessing and improving patient satisfaction at a rural health facility in Pakistan.
26
Williams, S. J., & Calnan, M. (1991). Key determinants of consumer satisfaction with general practice. Family practice, 8(3), 237-242.
27
Wong, J. C. (2002). Service quality measurement in a medical imaging department. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 15(5), 206-212.
28
Zeithaml, V., Bitner, M., & Gremler, D. (1996). Services Marketing McGraw Hill. New York.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Preferential Treatment: An Empirical Study in Education Sector of Pakistan
This paper aims to investigate impact of preferential treatment (Nepotism and favoritism) on job satisfaction and turnover intentions of employees. Using convenient sampling technique, data was collected from 200 academic staff of various private universities through self-administered questionnaire. Correlation and Regression analysis has been employed to analyze hypotheses. Results revealed that there is negative impact of nepotism over job satisfaction and turnover intentions of employees. It has been also concluded that with increase in favoritism, there is upward trend in job satisfaction and employee’s turnover intentions. Preferential treatment is generally accepted in Pakistani society so less variance has been observed in job satisfaction and turnover intentions of employees in presence of preferential treatment.
https://www.ijmae.com/article_115516_f6657a34f1cd6c1c49ab699bc6256d0b.pdf
2016-09-01
486
497
Preferential treatment
Job Satisfaction
Turnover intentions
Education Sector
Private Universities
Qaisar
Iqbal
qaisarkh86@gmail.com
1
Management Sciences, SZABIST, Islamabad Campus, Pakistan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abdalla, H. F., Maghrabi, A. S., & Raggad, B. G. (1998). Assessing the perceptions of human resource managers toward nepotism: A cross-cultural study. International Journal of Manpower, 19(8), 554-570.
1
Altındağ, E. (2016). Evaluation of Nepotism As Accelerating Effect on employee Performance: An Empirical Study in Turkey.
2
Arasli, H., Bavik, A., & Ekiz, E. H. (2006). The effects of nepotism on human resource management: The case of three, four and five star hotels in Northern Cyprus. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 26(7/8), 295-308.
3
Arasli, H., & Tumer, M. (2008). Nepotism, Favoritism and Cronyism: A study of their effects on job stress and job satisfaction in the banking industry of north Cyprus. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 36(9), 1237-1250.
4
Asunakutlu, T., & Avcı, U. (2009). Nepotizm-ş Tatmini lişkisi: Aile şletmelerinde Bir nceleme. 17. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 730-736.
5
AYDOGAN, I. (2012). The existence of favoritism in organizations. African Journal of Business Management, 6(12), 4577.
6
Bellow, A. (2004). In praise of nepotism: A history of family enterprise from King David to George W. Bush: Anchor.
7
Conway, B. (2004). The new nepotism. Public interest(154), 130-136.
8
DeConinck, J. B., & Stilwell, C. D. (2004). Incorporating organizational justice, role states, pay satisfaction and supervisor satisfaction in a model of turnover intentions. Journal of Business Research, 57(3), 225-231.
9
Farahmand, N. (2013). Impact of Nepotism on Turnover Intention and Service Recovery Performance; The Case of Private Hospitals in TRNC. Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU)-Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi (DAÜ).
10
Fishwick, M. (2004). In Praise of Nepotism: A Natural History. The Journal of American Culture, 27(2), 241-242.
11
Ford, R., & McLaughlin, F. (1985). Nepotism. Personnel Journal, 64(9), 56-60.
12
Hayajenh, A. F., Maghrabi, A. S., & Al-Dabbagh, T. H. (1994). Research note: Assessing the effect of nepotism on human resource managers. International Journal of Manpower, 15(1), 60-67.
13
Jaskiewicz, P., Uhlenbruck, K., Balkin, D. B., & Reay, T. (2013). Is nepotism good or bad? Types of nepotism and implications for knowledge management. Family Business Review, 0894486512470841.
14
Kayabaşı, Y. (2005). Politik yozlaşmaya çözüm olarak anayasal iktisat. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
15
Keles, H. N., Özkan, T. K., & Bezirci, M. (2011). A study on the effects of nepotism, favoritism and cronyism on organizational trust in the auditing process in family businesses in Turkey. The International Business & Economics Research Journal, 10(9), 9.
16
Ketchand, A. A., & Strawser, J. R. (2001). Multiple dimensions of organizational commitment: Implications for future accounting research. Behavioral Research in Accounting, 13(1), 221-251.
17
Khatri, N., & Tsang, E. W. (2003). Antecedents and consequences of cronyism in organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 43(4), 289-303.
18
Kiechel, W. (1984). How to relate to nepotism: TIME INC TIME & LIFE BUILDING ROCKEFELLER CENTER, NEW YORK, NY 10020-1393.
19
Kwon, I. (2005). Endogenous favoritism in organizations, topics in theoretical economics, 10 Ekim 2006.
20
Locke, E. A., Fitzpatrick, W., & White, F. M. (1983). Job satisfaction and role clarity among university and college faculty. The Review of Higher Education, 6(4), 343.
21
Masdek, N. M., Rozana, N., Abdul Aziz, Y., & Awang, K. W. (2011). Potential antecedents and outcomes of frontline employees’ service recovery performance. International Journal of Economics and Management, 5(1), 114-139.
22
Mobley, W. H., Horner, S. O., & Hollingsworth, A. T. (1978). An evaluation of precursors of hospital employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63(4), 408.
23
Özler, D., & Buyukarslan, A. (2011). The overall outlook of favoritism in organizations: A literature review. International Journal of Business and Management Studies, 3(1), 275-285.
24
Özler, H., Özler, D. E., & Gümüştekin, G. E. (2007). AİLE İŞLETMELERİNDE NEPOTİZMİN GELİŞİM EVRELERİ VE KURUMSALLAŞMA. Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute Journal, 17.
25
Pool, S. W. (1997). The relationship of job satisfaction with substitutes of leadership, leadership behavior, and work motivation. The Journal of Psychology, 131(3), 271-283.
26
Scott, M., Swortzel, K. A., & Taylor, W. N. (2005). The relationships between selected demographic factors and the level of job satisfaction of extension agents. Journal of Southern Agricultural Education Research, 55(1), 102-115.
27
Shamsuzzoha, A., & Shumon, M. R. H. (2007). Employee Turnover- a Study of its Causes and Effects to Different Industries in Bangladesh. Manufacturing Engineering/ Vyrobne Inzinierstvo, 6(3), 64-68.
28
Spector, P. E. (1997). Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes, and consequences (Vol. 3): Sage publications.
29
Stout, T. L. (2006). Occupational Nepotism Among Law Firms: A Study of Nepotism Beyond Anecdotal Evidence. Missouri State University.
30
Testa, M. R. (2001). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and effort in the service environment. The Journal of Psychology, 135(2), 226-236.
31
Weiss, D., Davis, R., England, G., & Lofquist, L. (1967). Manual for the Minnesota satisfactoriness scales. Work Adjustment Project, Industrial Relations Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
32
Wesolowski, M. A., & Mossholder, K. W. (1997). Relational demography in supervisor-subordinate dyads: Impact on subordinate job satisfaction, burnout, and perceived procedural justice. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18(4), 351-362.
33
Yousef, D. A. (2000). Organizational commitment: A mediator of the relationships of leadership behavior with job satisfaction and performance in a non-western country. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15(1), 6-24.
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Unconditional Conservatism, Institutional Ownership and Size of Institute Auditor on Stock Price
The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of unconditional conservatism, institutional ownership and size of institute auditor on stock price. For measure unconditional conservatism we use the Beaver and Ryan model (2000). In this study we use a sample of 101 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2010 to 2014. The results of multiple regression model and panel data with fixed effects, showed that in 95% confidence, unconditional conservatism has significant negative effect on the stock price and institutional ownership has a significant positive effect on stock prices, but no significant correlation between the size of audit and stock prices.
https://www.ijmae.com/article_115517_36dd504322ad4703a3a1039030768b92.pdf
2016-09-01
498
508
Unconditional Conservatism
institutional ownership
size of institute auditor
Stock Price
Reza
Mamashli
acc_mamashli@yahoo.com
1
MSc. Student, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Vahid
Osku
vahidosku@gmail.com
2
Ph.D. Student, Mazandaran University, Mazandaran, Iran
AUTHOR
Bazri, A., (2008). "Foundations and the need for corporate governance". Conference on corporate governance, vol 99, pp. 5-17.
1
Beaver, W., Ryan, S., (2000). Biases and lags in book value and their effects on the ability of the book-to-market ratio to predict book return on equity. J. Account. Res. 38 (1), 127–148.
2
Cox, P., Brammer, S. and Millington, A., (2004). An empirical examination of institutional investor preferences for corporate social performance. Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 27-42.
3
Ebrahimi, A., Moradi, M., Eskandar, H., (2010). "The impact of institutional ownership on the performance of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange". Journal of Accounting and Auditing Research, no. 8, pp.1-8. (in persian)
4
Foster, G., (1973). "Stock Market Reaction to Estimates of Earnings per Share by Company Officials." Journal of Accounting Research 11, no. 1.
5
Graves, S. B. and Waddock, S. A. (1994). Institutional ownership and corporate social performance. Academy of Management Journal, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 1034-1046.
6
Herrmann, D.R., Pornupatham, S., Vichitsarawong, T., (2008). The impact of the Asian financial crisis on auditors’ conservatism. J. Int. Account. Res. 7 (2), 43–63.
7
Johnson, M., (1999). Business cycles and the relation between security returns and earnings. Rev. Account. Stud. 4 (2), 93–117.
8
Mahoney, L. and Roberts, R. W. (2007). Corporate social performance, and financial performance and institutional ownership in Canadian firms. Accounting Forum, vol. 31, pp. 233-253.
9
Monem R. M. and S. Farshadfar, (2007). "Has earning quality declined over time?"www.accg.mq.edu.au/Accg_docs/pdf/seminar_papers/2007E,Quality,Mone.
10
Nagel, S., (2004). Short sales, institutional investors, and the cross-section of stock returns. Journal of Financial Economics, forthcoming.
11
Spicer, B. H. (1978). Investors, corporate social performance and information disclosure: An empirical paper. Accounting Review, vol. 53, pp. 94-111.
12
Waddock, S. A. and Graves, S. B. (1997). The corporate social performance financial performance link. Strategic Management Journal, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 303-319.
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Factors Affecting the Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in Telecom Industry of Pakistan
The current study focuses on the service quality factors which influence customer satisfaction in telecom industry of Pakistan. Customer satisfaction can be built up when brand satisfies the requirements and cravings of clients. Therefore, we took five service quality dimensions (empathy, reliability, assurance, responsiveness & tangibility) as predicting variables towards criterion variable customer satisfaction. This research was carried out on customers of telecom sector. An aggregate of 320 questionnaires were distributed among the customers of telecom industry of Pakistan through electronic forms as well as simple forms out of which 255 forms were returned i.e. response rate was79.7%. The outcomes of statistical tests demonstrate that three out of five predictor variables i.e. assurance, responsiveness and reliability have positive impact on customer satisfaction while empathy and tangibility have no significant influence on customer satisfaction. Research limitations and future plans also discussed in this research.
https://www.ijmae.com/article_115518_c6e1beeba39da5cb73f8fcbac071fc18.pdf
2016-09-01
509
520
Service Quality
Empathy
Customer Satisfaction
Telecom Sector of Pakistan
Uzma
Anjum
uzma.anjum25@gmail.com
1
MS Scholar, Dept. of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Junaid
Aftab
2
MS Scholar, Dept. of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
AUTHOR
Qurrat-ul-Ain
Sultan
3
MS Scholar, Dept. of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Ahmed
4
MS Scholar, Dept. of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
AUTHOR
Ahmed, I., Nawaz, M. M., Usman, A., Shaukat, M. Z., Ahmad, N., & Iqbal, H. (2010). Impact of Service Quality on Customers' Satisfaction: Empirical evidence from telecom sector of Pakistan. Interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business, 1(12), 98.
1
Armstrong, K. (2012). Principles of Marketing, 14th Edition, New Jersey: USA Pearson Education Inc.
2
Arokiasamy, A. R. A., & Abdullah, A. G. (2013). Service quality and customer satisfaction in the cellular telecommunication service provider in Malaysia. Researchers World, 4(2), 1.
3
Boshoff, C., & Gray, B. (2004). The relationships between service quality, customer satisfaction and buying intentions in the private hospital industry.South African Journal of Business Management, 35(4).
4
Bowen, J. T., & Chen, S. L. (2001). The relationship between customer loyalty and customer satisfaction. International journal of contemporary hospitality management, 13(5), 213-217.
5
Caro, L. M., & Garcia, J. A. M. (2007). Measuring perceived service quality in urgent transport service. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,14(1), 60-72.
6
Cronin, J. J., Brady, M. K., & Hult, G. T. M. (2000). Assessing the effects of quality, value, and customer satisfaction on consumer behavioral intentions in service environments. Journal of retailing, 76(2), 193-218.
7
Deng, Z., Lu, Y., Wei, K. K., & Zhang, J. (2010). Understanding customer satisfaction and loyalty: An empirical study of mobile instant messages in China. International journal of information management, 30(4), 289-300.
8
Gallifa, J., & Batallé, P. (2010). Student perceptions of service quality in a multi-campus higher education system in Spain. Quality Assurance in Education, 18(2), 156-170.
9
Gbadeyan, R. A., & Akinyosoye-Gbonda, O. O. (2011). CUSTOMERS'PREFERENCE FOR E â [euro]" BANKING SERVICES: A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED BANKS IN SIERRA LEONE. Australian journal of business and Management research, 1(4), 108.
10
Gerrard, P., & Cunningham, B. (2001). Bank service quality: a comparison between a publicly quoted bank and a government bank in Singapore.Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 6(1), 50-66.
11
Hallowell, R. (1996). The relationships of customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, and profitability: an empirical study. International journal of service industry management, 7(4), 27-42.
12
Hennig‐Thurau, T., & Klee, A. (1997). The impact of customer satisfaction and relationship quality on customer retention: A critical reassessment and model development. Psychology & marketing, 14(8), 737-764.
13
Hung, Y. H., Huang, M. L., & Chen, K. S. (2003). Service quality evaluation by service quality performance matrix. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 14(1), 79-89.
14
Karatepe, O. M., Yavas, U., & Babakus, E. (2005). Measuring service quality of banks: Scale development and validation. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 12(5), 373-383.
15
Karim, R., & Chowdhury, A. T. (2014). Customer satisfaction on service quality in private commercial banking sector in Bangladesh. British Journal of Marketing Studies, 2(2), 1-11.
16
Klemz, B. R., & Boshoff, C. (2001). Environmental and emotional influences on willingness-to-buy in small and large retailers. European Journal of Marketing, 35(1/2), 70-91.
17
Loke, Siew-Phaik, et al. "Service quality and customer satisfaction in a telecommunication service provider." International Conference on Financial Management and Economics. Vol. 11. 2011.
18
Marković, S., & Raspor Janković, S. (2013). Exploring the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction in Croatian hotel industry.Tourism and Hospitality Management, 19(2), 149-164.
19
Mohsan, F., Nawaz, M. M., Khan, M. S., Shaukat, Z., & Aslam, N. (2011). Impact of customer satisfaction on customer loyalty and intentions to switch: Evidence from banking sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(16).
20
Ojo, O. (2010). The relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction in the telecommunication industry: Evidence from Nigeria.BRAND. Broad Research in Accounting, Negotiation, and Distribution, 1(1), 88-100.
21
Oliver, R. L. (1999). Whence consumer loyalty?. the Journal of Marketing, 33-44.
22
Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1985). A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research. the Journal of Marketing, 41-50.
23
Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1988). Servqual. Journal of retailing, 64(1), 12-40.
24
Ramsaran-Fowdar, R. R. (2007). Developing a service quality questionnaire for the hotel industry in Mauritius. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 13(1), 19-27.
25
Santos, J. (2003). E-service quality: a model of virtual service quality dimensions. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 13(3), 233-246.
26
Santouridis, I., & Trivellas, P. (2010). Investigating the impact of service quality and customer satisfaction on customer loyalty in mobile telephony in Greece. The TQM Journal, 22(3), 330-343.
27
Sum Chau, V., & Kao, Y. Y. (2009). Bridge over troubled water or long and winding road? Gap-5 in airline service quality performance measures.Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 19(1), 106-134.
28
Toosi, N. & Kohanali, R. (2011). The study of Airline Service Quality in the Qeshm free Zone by Fuzzy Logic. Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science, 2(1), 171-183.
29
Tse, D. K., & Wilton, P. C. (1988). Models of consumer satisfaction formation: An extension. Journal of marketing research, 204-212.
30
Wang, Y., Lo, H. P., & Yang, Y. (2004). An integrated framework for service quality, customer value, satisfaction: Evidence from China's telecommunication industry. Information systems frontiers, 6(4), 325-340.
31
Zeithaml, V. A., Berry, L. L., & Parasuraman, A. (1996). The behavioral consequences of service quality. the Journal of Marketing, 31-46.
32
Zeithaml, V. A., Parasuraman, A., & Berry, L. L. (1990). Delivering quality service: Balancing customer perceptions and expectations. Simon and Schuster.
33
Zekiri, J., & Angelova, B. (2011). Factors that influence entry mode choice in foreign markets. European Journal of Social Sciences, 22(4), 572-584.
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Regulatory Burden on Black Economy in Selected Countries Group
Regulatory Burden implies the part where government policies that increase or decrease market activity those terms of two sub-indices, the strength of enterprises and financial institutions and market size is measured. In this regard, the rules are explicit, they are easier to implement. With the multiplicity and complexity of regulations, provisions will be faced with the more problems which will lead to negative consequences such as corruption and bribery, the expansion of informal activities in the black economy. The main aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between the theoretical and the impact of Regulatory Burden of the black economy in selected countries OECD. The results of the model, fixed effects group selected countries for 2013-2002 period show that Regulatory Burden had significant negative impact on the black economy group selected countries.
https://www.ijmae.com/article_115519_8100a6b825c120ac43b9c87f5ddd3974.pdf
2016-09-01
521
531
Black Economy
Regulatory Burden Implies
Fixed Effects Method
Parvaneh
Salatin
p_salatin@iauec.ac.ir
1
Department of Economics, Firoozkooh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Firoozkooh, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Tahereh
Jahani
2
M.A in Economics, Izlamic Azad University, Firoozkooh Branch, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Barone, G., & Cingano, F. (2011). Service Regulation and Growth: Evidence from OECD Countries. The Economic Journal, 121(555), 931-957.
1
Boeri, T. & Garibaldi, P. (2001). Shadow Activity and Unemployment in a Depressed Labor Market. GIER Working Paper.
2
Chen, M. (2007). Rethinking the Informal Economy: Linkages with the Formal
3
Economy and the Formal Regulatory Environment. Working paper n. 46. United
4
Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
5
De Soto, H. (1989). The Other Path. The Invisible revolution in the Third World (Harper and Row; USA: New York).
6
Del’Anno, R. (2003). Estimating the shadow economy in Italy: A structural equation approach, Discussion Paper, Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Salerno.
7
Del’Anno, R. and Schneider, F. (2004). The shadow economy of Italy and other OECD countries: What do we know?, Linz: University of Linz, Department of Economics, Discussion Paper, Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice.
8
Feige E. L. (1996). Defining and Estimating Underground and Informal Economics:The New Institutional Economics Approach.
9
Feige, E. L. (1989). (ed.): The Underground Economies. Tax Evasion and Information Distortion. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Cambridge University Press.
10
Feige, E. L. (1994). The underground economy and the currency enigma, Supplement to Public Finance/ Finances Publiques, 49, 119-136.
11
Fleming, M.H., Roman, J. and Farrel, G. (2000). The shadow economy, Journal of International Affairs, No. 53/2, 64-89.
12
Frey, B. S. and Werner P. (1984). The hidden economy: State and prospect for measurement, Review of Income and Wealth, 30/1, 1-23.
13
Giles, D. and Tedds, L.M. (2002). Taxes and the Canadian Underground Economy. Canadia Tax Foundation. Toronto.
14
Janco,M., Carli,M Emalho, Ritar. (2006). Law and economic growth. Journal of financial economics, 77(1), 57-116.
15
Karmann, A. (1986). Monetäre Ansätze zur Erfassung der Schattenwirtschaft: Ein Vergleich verschiedener Messansätze, Kredit und Kapitel 19/3, 233-247.
16
Karmann, A. (1990). Schattenwirtschaft und ihre Ursachen: Eine empirische Analyse zur Schwarzwirtschaft und Selbstversorgung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsund Sozialwissenschaften (ZWS) 110/3, 1990, 185-206.
17
Kaufmann, D. Art, K. and Pablo zoido – Loba ton P. (1999). Aggregating Governance Indicators. Policy Research working paper NO. 2195. World Banks, policy Research Department, Washington D.C. Available at http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/.
18
Kaufmann, D., Johnson, S. and Zoido- Lobaton, P. (1998-b), Corruption, Public _Nances and the Uno_ Cialeconomy. ECLAC conference.
19
Schneider, F. (1994). Measuring the size and development of the shadow economy. Can the causes be found and the obstacles be overcome? In: Brandstaetter, Hermann, and Güth, Werner (eds.): Essays on Economic Psychology, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer Publishing Company, 193-212.
20
Schneider, F. (2002). Money Supply for Terrorism-The Hidden Financial Flows of Islamic Organization, http://www.Economics.uni-linz. ac.at/.
21
Schneider, F. (2003). The shadow economy, in: Charles K. Rowley and Friedrich Schneider (eds.), Encyclopedia of Public Choice, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
22
Schneider, F. (2004). Arbeit imi Schatten: “Wo Deutschlands Wirtschaft wirklich wächst.”, Wiesbaden, babler Verlag.
23
Schneider, F. (2005). Shadow Economies around the World: What do we really know?, Forthcoming European Journal of Political Economy.
24
Smith, Ph. (1994): Assessing the size of the underground economy: The statistics Canada perspectives, Canadian Economic Observer, Catalogue No.: 11-010, 3.16-33, at 3.18.Spiro, Peter S. (1993): “Evidence of a Post-GST Increase in the Underground Economy;” Canadian Tax Journal/ Revue Fiscale Canadienne, 41:2, 247-258.
25
Thomas, J. J. (1999). Quantifying the black economy: ‘Measurement without Theory’ Yet Again?, The Economic Journal 109/456, 381-389.
26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Academic Entrepreneurial Intentions and the Creation of University Spin-Off Firms: Critical Review
This paper examines the extent to which academic entrepreneurial intentions influences the creation of University Spin-offs firms from various significant viewpoints. Commercialization and technology transfer of innovations from universities and other research institutions is progressively considered by scholars and policymakers as the key ingredient in the developing and sustaining regional economic growth. It is always argued that; for effective conversion of research findings into new business venture, a close collaboration of the government –university – industry must be active, the connection of individual academic and prevailing university environment forms the requisite solid foundation of academic entrepreneurship. This is resolutely determined by the entrepreneurial intentions of the researcher towards commercializing the final findings to meet a crucial market need on one hand or through a creation of a spin-off firm on the other hand. Finally, this article develops a conceptual framework that explains the relationship between academic entrepreneurial intentions, university context and creation of university spin-offs firms.
https://www.ijmae.com/article_115520_2dd26745db2794774f84263b2cecc3fd.pdf
2016-09-01
532
544
academic entrepreneurship
entrepreneurial intent
Spin-Off Firms
Wilberforce
Senelwa
wsenelwa@jkuta.ac.ke
1
Assistant Lecturer, School of Entrepreneurship, Procurement and Management, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O BOX 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
LEAD_AUTHOR
Elegwa
Mukulu
2
Associate Professor, School of Entrepreneurship, Procurement and Management, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O BOX 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
AUTHOR
John
Kihoro
3
Director, Directorate of Computing and eLearning, Cooperative University, College of Kenya (CUCK), P.O BOX 24814-00502, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya
AUTHOR
Arnold, C., Timothy, F., & Carolyn, W. (1995). Entrepreneurial information search. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(2), 107-120.
1
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84(2), 191.
2
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American psychologist, 37(2), 122.
3
Barbara, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention. Academy of management Review, 13(3), 442-453.
4
Barbara, B., & David, A. (1989). Faculty entrepreneurship in research university environments. The Journal of Higher Education, 60(5), 583-596.
5
Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention. Academy of management Review, 13(3), 442-453.
6
Birley, S. (1986). Succession in the family firm: The inheritor's view. Journal of Small Business Management, 24(4), 36.
7
Boyd, N. G., & Vozikis, G. S. (1994). The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 18(3), 63-63.
8
Carayannis, E. G., Kassicieh, S. K., & Radosevich, R. (2000). Strategic alliances as a source of early-stage seed capital in new technology-based firms. Technovation, 20(11), 603-615.
9
Carter, N. M., Gartner, W. B., Shaver, K. G., & Gatewood, E. J. (2003). The career reasons of nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(1), 13-39.
10
Chen, C. C., Greene, P. G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295-316.
11
Chrisman, J. J., Hynes, T., & Fraser, S. (1995). Faculty entrepreneurship and economic development: The case of the University of Calgary. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(4), 267-281.
12
Dill, D. D. (1995). University-industry entrepreneurship: the organization and management of American university technology transfer units. Higher education, 29(4), 369-384.
13
Etzkowitz. (2008). Triple helix innovation: Industry, university, and government in action. London and New York: Routledge.
14
Etzkowitz, & Leydesdorff, L. A. (1997). Universities and the global knowledge economy:A Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations. London: Continuum.
15
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Amsterdam: Addison-Wisley Publishing Company.
16
Forbes, D. P. (2005). The effects of strategic decision making on entrepreneurial self‐efficacy. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 29(5), 599-626.
17
Franklin, S. J., Wright, M., & Lockett, A. (2001). Academic and surrogate entrepreneurs in university spin-out companies. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 26(1-2), 127-141.
18
Friedman, J., & Silberman, J. (2003). University technology transfer: do incentives, management, and location matter? The Journal of Technology Transfer, 28(1), 17-30.
19
Guerrero, M., Kirby, D. A., & Urbano, D. (2006). A literature review on entrepreneurial universities: An institutional approach. Autonomous University of Barcelona, Business Economics Department, Working Paper Series(06/8).
20
Gurbuz, G., & Aykol, S. (2008). Entrepreneurial intentions of young educated public in Turkey. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 4(1), 47-56.
21
Guston, D. H. (1999). Stabilizing the boundary between US politics and science: The role of the Office of Technology Transfer as a boundary organization. Social studies of science, 29(1), 87-111.
22
Hansen, E. L. (1995). Entrepreneurial networks and new organization growth. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 19(2), 7-20.
23
Hellstrom, T., & Jacob, M. (2003). Boundary organisations in science: From discourse to construction. Science and Public Policy, 30(4), 235-238.
24
Hoang, H., & Antoncic, B. (2003). Network-based research in entrepreneurship: A critical review. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(2), 165-187.
25
Jung, D. I., Ehrlich, S. B., De Noble, A. F., & Baik, K. B. (2001). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and its relationship to entrepreneurial action: a comparative study between the US and Korea. Management International, 6(1), 41.
26
Kalar, B., & Antoncic, B. (2015). The entrepreneurial university, academic activities and technology and knowledge transfer in four European countries. Technovation, 36, 1-11.
27
Katz, J., & Gartner, W. B. (1988). Properties of emerging organizations. Academy of management Review, 13(3), 429-441.
28
Kenney, M., & Richard Goe, W. (2004). The role of social embeddedness in professorial entrepreneurship: a comparison of electrical engineering and computer science at UC Berkeley and Stanford. Research Policy, 33(5), 691-707.
29
Kickul, J., & D'Intino, R. S. (2005). Measure for measure: modeling entrepreneurial self-efficacy onto instrumental tasks within the new venture creation process. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 8(2), 6.
30
Kilonzo, P. M., & Nyambegera, S. M. (2014). Determinants of entrepreneurial intention among university business students in Kenya: lessons from Kenyatta University. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 22(2), 231-250.
31
Kolvereid, L., & Moen, Ã. y. (1997). Entrepreneurship among business graduates: does a major in entrepreneurship make a difference? Journal of European industrial training, 21(4), 154-160.
32
Krueger Jr, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5), 411-432.
33
Louis, K. S., Blumenthal, D., Gluck, M. E., & Stoto, M. A. (1989). Entrepreneurs in academe: An exploration of behaviors among life scientists. Administrative science quarterly, 110-131.
34
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of management Review, 21(1), 135-172.
35
Luthans, F., & Ibrayeva, E. S. (2006). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy in Central Asian transition economies: quantitative and qualitative analyses. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(1), 92-110.
36
Maina, R. W. (2011). Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions among Kenyan College graduates. KCA Journal of Business Management, 3(2), 25-38.
37
Ndonzuau, F. d. r. N., Pirnay, F., & Surlemont, B. (2002). A stage model of academic spin-off creation. Technovation, 22(5), 281-289.
38
Nicolaou, N., & Birley, S. (2003). Academic networks in a trichotomous categorisation of university spinouts. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3), 333-359.
39
Prodan, I., & Drnovsek, M. (2010). Conceptualizing academic-entrepreneurial intentions: An empirical test. Technovation, 30(5), 332-347.
40
Pruett, M., Shinnar, R., Toney, B., Llopis, F., & Fox, J. (2009). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions of university students: a cross-cultural study. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 15(6), 571-594.
41
Rashid, U. K., Mat, N. K. N., Marof, R. A., Nasuredin, J., Sanita, F., & Isa, M. F. M. (2012). Entrepreneurial Intentions among Technical Students. American Journal of Economics, 73-76.
42
Rasmussen, E. (2005). The process of new venture creation in a university setting. Accompanying measures & survival of new firms: between Darwinism and assistance.
43
Scherer, R. F., Adams, J. S., & Wiebe, F. A. (1989). Developing entrepreneurial behaviours: A social learning theory perspective. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 2(3), 16-27.
44
Shane, S., & Stuart, T. (2002). Organizational endowments and the performance of university start-ups. Management science, 48(1), 154-170.
45
Smilor, R. W., Gibson, D. V., & Dietrich, G. B. (1990). University spin-out companies: technology start-ups from UT-Austin. Journal of Business Venturing, 5(1), 63-76.
46
Stankiewicz, R. (1986). Academics and entrepreneurs: developing university-industry relations. London: Pinter
47
Tesfom, G. (2006). The role of social networks on the entrepreneurial drive of first generation East African origin entrepreneurs in the Seattle area. Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, 2(3), 1-25.
48
Timmons, J. A., & Spinelli, S. (1999). New venture creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st century. Colombus: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
49
Verheul, I., Uhlaner, L., & Thurik, R. (2005). Business accomplishments, gender and entrepreneurial self-image. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(4), 483-518.
50
Walter, A., Auer, M., & Ritter, T. (2006). The impact of network capabilities and entrepreneurial orientation on university spin-off performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(4), 541-567.
51
Wang, W., Lu, W., & Millington, J. K. (2011). Determinants of entrepreneurial intention among college students in China and USA. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 1(1), 35-44.
52
Wood, M. S. (2011). A process model of academic entrepreneurship. Business Horizons, 54(2), 153-161.
53
Zain, Z. M., Akram, A. M., & Ghani, E. K. (2009). Entrepreneurship intention among Malaysian business students. Canadian Social Science, 6(3), 34-44.
54